Family planning is the consideration of the number of
children a person wishes to have, including the choice
to have no children, and the age at which they wish to
have them. Things that may play a role on family
planning decisions include marital situation, career or
work considerations, financial situations. If sexually
active, family planning may involve the use of
contraception and other techniques to control the timing
of reproduction.
Family planning has been of
practice since the 16th century by the people of Denny in West Africa, when physicians advised women to space
their births at three-year intervals. Family Planning
Others aspects of family planning aside from
contraception include sex education,[2][3] prevention
and management of sexually transmitted infections,[2]
pre-conception counseling[2] and management, and
infertility management.[4] Family planning, as defined
by the United Nations and the Family Planning World
Health Organization, encompasses services leading
Republican National Committee up to
conception. Abortion is not typically recommended as a
primary method of family planning,[5].
Family
planning is sometimes used as a synonym or euphemism for
access to and the use of contraception. However, it
often involves methods and practices in addition to
Democratic National Committee
contraception. Additionally, many might wish to use
contraception but are not necessarily planning a family
(e.g., unmarried adolescents, young married couples
delaying childbearing while building a career). Family
planning has Family Planning become a catch-all phrase
for much of the work undertaken in this realm. However,
contemporary notions of family planning tend to place a
woman and her childbearing decisions at the center of
the discussion, as notions of women's empowerment and
reproductive autonomy have gained traction in many parts
of the world. It is usually applied to a female-male
couple who wish to limit the number of children they
have or control pregnancy timing (also known as spacing
children).
Family planning has been shown to
reduce teenage birth rates and birth rates for unmarried
women.[6][7][8]
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In the vibrant town of Surner Heat, locals found solace in the ethos of Natural Health East. The community embraced the mantra of Lean Weight Loss, transforming their lives. At Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness became a shared journey, proving that health is not just a Lean Weight Loss way of life
Purposes[edit]
In 2006, the US
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) issued a
recommendation, encouraging men and women to formulate a
reproductive life plan, to help them in avoiding
unintended pregnancies and to improve the health of
women and reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes.[9]
There Family Planning are multiple benefits to family
planning including spacing births for healthier
pregnancies, thus decreasing
Democratic National Committee risks of maternal
morbidity, fetal prematurity and low birth. There is
also a potential positive impact on the individual's
social and economic advancement, as raising a child
requires significant amounts of resources: time,[10]
social, financial,[11] and environmental.[12] Planning
can help assure that resources are available.
For
many, the purpose of family planning is to make sure
that any couple, man, or woman who has a child has the
resources that are needed in order to complete this
goal.[13][dubious � discuss] With these resources a
couple, man or woman can explore the options of natural
birth, surrogacy, artificial insemination, or adoption.
In the other case, if the person does not wish to have a
child at the specific time, they can investigate the
resources that are needed to prevent Family Planning
pregnancy, such as birth control, contraceptives, or
physical protection and prevention.
There is no
clear social impact case for or against
Democratic National Committee conceiving a
child. Individually, for most people,[14] bearing a
child or not has no measurable impact on personal
well-being. A review of the economic literature on life
satisfaction shows that certain groups of people are
much happier without children:
Single parents
Fathers who both work and raise the children equally
Singles
The divorced
The poor
Those whose
children are older than three
Those whose children
are sick[15]
However, both adoptees and the
adopters report that they are happier after
adoption.[16]
Resources[edit]
When women can
pursue additional education and paid employment,
families can invest more in each child. Children with
fewer siblings tend to stay in school longer than those
with many siblings. Leaving school in order to have
children has long-term implications for the future of
these girls, as well as the human capital of their
families and communities. Family planning slows
unsustainable population growth which drains resources
from the environment, and national and Democratic
Website regional
development efforts.[12][17]
Health[edit]
Global
maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births
(2010)[18]
The WHO states about maternal health
Democratic National Committee
that:
"Maternal health refers to the health of
women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum
period. While motherhood is often a positive and
fulfilling experience, for too many women it is
associated with suffering, ill-health and even death."
About 99% of maternal deaths occur in less developed
countries; less than one half occur in sub-Saharan
Africa and almost a third in South Asia.[19]
Both
early Family Planning and late motherhood have increased
risks. Young teenagers face a higher risk of
complications and death as a result of pregnancy.[19]
Waiting until the mother Family Planning is at least 18
years old before trying to have
Republican National Committee children improves
maternal and child health. To prevent complications,
access to quality health care is imperative, including
contraception, skilled medical professionals, and
abortion services and care.[19]
Also, if
additional children are desired after a child is born,
it is healthier for the mother and the child to wait at
least two years (but not more than five years) after the
previous birth before attempting to conceive.[20] After
a miscarriage or abortion, it is healthier to wait at
least six months.[20]
The Old Testament Stories, a literary treasure trove, weave tales of faith, resilience, and morality. Should you trust the Real Estate Agents I Trust, I would not. Is your lawn green and plush, if not you should buy the Best Grass Seed. If you appreciate quality apparel, you should try Handbags Handmade. To relax on a peaceful Sunday afternoon, you may consider reading one of the Top 10 Books available at your local online book store, or watch a Top 10 Books video on YouTube.
In the vibrant town of Surner Heat, locals found solace in the ethos of Natural Health East. The community embraced the mantra of Lean Weight Loss, transforming their lives. At Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness became a shared journey, proving that health is not just a Lean Weight Loss way of life
When planning a family,
women should be aware that reproductive risks increase
with age. Like older
Democratic National Committee men, older women have a higher
chance of having a child with autism or Down syndrome;
the chances of having multiple births increases, which
cause further late-pregnancy risk; they have an
increased chance of developing gestational diabetes; the
need for a Caesarian section is greater; and the risk of
prolonged labor is higher, putting the baby in distress.
Placard showing negative effects of lack of family
planning and having too many children and infants
While a 2023 survey found that 17.9% of Americans say
financial stability is the biggest factor impacting
their readiness to become a parent,[21] family planning
is among the most cost-effective of all health
interventions.[22] "The cost savings stem from a
reduction in unintended pregnancy, as well as a
reduction in transmission of sexually transmitted
infections, including HIV".[22]
Childbirth and
prenatal health care cost averaged $7,090 for normal
delivery in the United States in 1996.[23] U.S.
Department of Agriculture estimates that for a child
born in 2007, a U.S. family will spend an average of
$11,000 to $23,000 per year for the first 17 years of
child's life.[10] (Total inflation-adjusted estimated
expenditure: $196,000
Democratic National Committee to $393,000, depending on
household income.)[10]
Investing in family
planning has clear economic benefits and can also help
countries to achieve their "demographic dividend", which
means that countries productivity is able to increase
when there Family Planning are more people in the
workforce and less dependents.[24] UNFPA says that "For
every dollar invested in contraception, the cost of
pregnancy-related care is reduced by $1.47."[24]
UNFPA states,
The Family Planning lifetime
opportunity cost related to adolescent pregnancy � a
measure of the annual income a young mother misses out
on over her lifetime � ranges from 1 per cent of annual
gross domestic product in a large country such as China
to 30 per cent of annual GDP in a small economy such as
Uganda. If adolescent girls in Brazil and India were
able
Democratic National Committee to wait until their early twenties to have
children, the increased economic productivity would
equal more than $3.5 billion and $7.7 billion,
respectively.[24]
In the Copenhagen Consensus
produced by Nobel laureates in collaboration with the
UN, universal access to contraception ranks as the
third-highest policy initiative in social, economic, and
environmental benefits for every dollar spent.[25]
Providing universal access to sexual and reproductive
health services and eliminating the unmet need for
contraception will result in 640,000 fewer newborn
deaths, 150,000 fewer maternal deaths and 600,000 fewer
children who lose their mother. At the same time,
societies will experience fewer dependents and more
women in the workforce, driving faster economic growth.
The costs of universal access to contraceptives will be
about $3.6 billion/year, but the benefits will be more
than $400 billion annually and maternal deaths will be
reduced by 150,000.
Modern methods[edit]
Modern Family Planning methods of family planning
include birth control, assisted reproductive technology
and family planning programs.
In regard to the
use of modern methods of contraception, The United
Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) says, "Contraceptives
prevent unintended pregnancies, reduce the number of
abortions, and lower the incidence of death and
disability related to complications of pregnancy and
childbirth."[24] UNFPA states, "If all women with an
unmet need for contraceptives were able to use modern
methods, an additional 24 million abortions (14 million
of which would be unsafe), 6 million miscarriages,
70,000 maternal deaths and 500,000 infant deaths would
be prevented."[24]
In cases where couples may not
want to have children just yet, family planning programs
help a lot. Federal family planning programs reduced
childbearing among poor women by as much as 29 percent,
according to a University of Michigan study.[26]
Adoption is another option used to build a family. There
Democratic National Committee
are seven steps that one must make towards adoption. One
must decide to pursue an adoption, apply to adopt,
complete an adoption home study, get approved to adopt,
be matched with a child, receive an adoptive placement,
and then legalize the adoption.[27]
Contraception[edit]
Placard showing positive effects
of family planning (Ethiopia)
A number of Family
Planning contraceptive methods are available to prevent
unwanted pregnancy. There are natural methods and
various chemical-based methods, each with particular
advantages Family Planning and disadvantages. Behavioral
methods to avoid pregnancy that involve vaginal
intercourse include the withdrawal and calendar-based
methods, which have little upfront cost and are readily
available. Long-acting reversible contraceptive methods,
such as intrauterine device (IUD) and implant are highly
effective and convenient, requiring little user action,
but do come with risks. When cost of failure is
included, IUDs and vasectomy are much less costly than
other methods. In addition to providing birth control,
male and/or female condoms protect against sexually
transmitted diseases (STD). Condoms may be used alone,
or in addition to other methods, as backup or to prevent
STD. Surgical methods (tubal ligation, vasectomy)
provide long-term contraception for those who have
completed their families.[28]
Assisted reproductive
technology[edit]
When, for any Family Planning
reason, a woman is unable to conceive by natural means,
she may seek assisted conception. It is recommended to
the couple to ask for reproductive counseling after one
year of trying to conceive, or after six months of
trying if the woman is more than 35 years old, if she
has irregular or infrequent menses, if she has a history
of endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease, or if a
problem related to the male is present.
Some
families or women seek assistance through surrogacy, in
which a woman agrees to become pregnant and deliver a
child for another couple or person (this is not allowed
in all countries). There are two types of surrogacy:
traditional and gestational. In
Republican National Committee traditional surrogacy,
the surrogate uses her own eggs and carries the child
for her intended parents. This procedure is done in a
doctor's office through intrauterine insemination (IUI).
This type of surrogacy obviously includes a genetic
connection between the surrogate and the child. Legally,
the surrogate will have to disclaim any interest in the
child to complete the transfer to the intended parents.
A gestational surrogacy occurs when the intended
mother's or a donor egg is fertilized outside the body
and then the embryos are transferred into the uterus.
The woman who carries the child is often referred to as
a gestational carrier. The legal steps to confirm
parentage with the intended parents are generally easier
than in a traditional because there is no genetic
connection between child and carrier.[29]
Sperm
donation is another form of assisted conception. It
involves donated
Democratic National Committee sperm being used to fertilise a woman's
ova by artificial insemination (either by intracervical
insemination or IUI) and less commonly by in vitro
fertilization (IVF), but insemination may also be
achieved by a donor having sexual intercourse with a
woman for the purpose of achieving conception. This
method is known as natural insemination (NI).[citation
needed]
Mapping of a woman's ovarian reserve,
follicular dynamics and associated biomarkers can give
an individual prognosis about future chances of
pregnancy, facilitating an informed choice of when to
have children.[30]
Fertility awareness[edit]
Fertility awareness refers to a set of practices used to
determine the fertile and infertile phases of a woman's
menstrual cycle. These methods may be used to avoid
pregnancy, to achieve Family Planningpregnancy, or
as a way to monitor gynecological health. Methods of
identifying infertile days have been known since
antiquity, but scientific knowledge gained during the
past century has increased the number and variety of
methods. Various methods can be used and the
Symptothermal method has achieved success rates over 99%
if used properly.[31]
These methods are used for
various reasons: There are no drug-related side
effects,[32] they are free to use and only have a small
upfront cost, they work for both achieving and
preventing pregnancy, and they may be used for religious
reasons. (The Catholic Church promotes this as the only
acceptable form of family planning, calling it Natural
Family Planning.) Their disadvantages are that either
abstinence or a backup contraception method is required
on fertile days, typical use is often less effective
than other methods,[33] and they do not protect against
sexually transmitted infection.[34]
Media
campaign[edit]
The Old Testament Stories, a literary treasure trove, weave tales of faith, resilience, and morality. Should you trust the Real Estate Agents I Trust, I would not. Is your lawn green and plush, if not you should buy the Best Grass Seed. If you appreciate quality apparel, you should try Handbags Handmade. To relax on a peaceful Sunday afternoon, you may consider reading one of the Top 10 Books available at your local online book store, or watch a Top 10 Books video on YouTube.
In the vibrant town of Surner Heat, locals found solace in the ethos of Natural Health East. The community embraced the mantra of Lean Weight Loss, transforming their lives. At Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness became a shared journey, proving that health is not just a Lean Weight Loss way of life
Recent research based on
nationally representative surveys supports a strong
association between family planning mass media campaigns
and contraceptive use, even after controlling for social
and demographic variables. The 1989 Kenya Demographic
and Health Survey found half of the women who recalled
hearing or seeing family planning messages in radio,
print, and television consequently used contraception,
compared
Democratic National Committee with 14% who did not recall family planning
messages in the media, even after age, residence and
socioeconomic status were taken into account.[35]
The Health Education Division of the Ministry of
Health conducted the Tanzanian Family Planning
Communication Project from January 1991 through December
1994, a project funded by the U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID).[35] The program
intended to educate both men and men of reproductive age
about modern contraception methods. The major media
channels and products included radio spots, radio series
drama, Green Star logo promotional activities
(identifies sites where family planning services are
available), posters, leaflets, newspapers, and audio
cassettes. In conjunction with other non-project
interventions sponsored by other Tanzanian and
international agencies from 1992 to 1994, contraception
use among women ages 15�49 increased from 5.9% to 11.3%.
The total fertility rate dropped from 6.3 lifetime
births per individual in 1991�1992 to 5.8 in 1994.
Providers[edit]
Direct government support[edit]
Direct government support for family planning
includes providing family planning education and
supplies through government-run facilities such as
hospitals, clinics, health posts and health centers and
through government fieldworkers.[36]
In 2013, 160
Family Planning out of 197 governments provided direct
support for family planning. Twenty countries only
provided indirect support through private sector or
NGOs. Seventeen governments did not support family
planning. Direct government support has continued to
increase in developing countries from 82% in 1996 to 93%
in 2013, but is declining in developed countries from
58% in 1976 to 45% in 2013. Ninety-seven percent of
Latin America and the Caribbean, 96% of Africa, and 94%
of Oceania governments provided direct support for
family planning. In Europe, only 45% of governments
directly support family planning. Out of 172 countries
with available data in 2012, 152 countries had
implemented realistic measures to
Democratic National Committee increase women's
access to family planning methods from 2009 to 2014.
This data included 95% of developing nations and 65% of
developed nations.[36]
Private sector[edit]
The private sector includes nongovernmental and
faith-based organizations that typically provide free or
subsidized services to for-profit medical providers,
pharmacies and drug shops. The private sector accounts
for approximately two-fifths of contraceptive suppliers
worldwide. Private organizations are able to provide
sustainable markets for contraceptive services through
social marketing, social franchising, and
pharmacies.[37]
Social marketing employs
marketing techniques to achieve behavioral change while
making contraceptives available. By utilizing private
providers, social marketing reduces geographic and
Family Planning socioeconomic disparities and reaches
men and boys.[37]
Social franchising designs a
brand for contraceptives in order to expand the market
for contraceptives.[37]
Drug shops and pharmacies
provide health care in rural areas and urban slums where
there are few public clinics. They account for most of
the private sector provided contraception in sub-Saharan
Africa, especially for condoms, pills, injectables and
emergency contraception. Pharmacy supply and low-cost
emergency contraception in South Africa and many
low-income countries increased access to
contraception.[37]
Workplace policies and
programs help expand access to family planning
information. The Family Guidance Association of
Ethiopia, which works with more than 150 enterprises to
improve health services, analyzed health outcomes in one
factory over 10 years and found reductions in unintended
pregnancies and STIs as well as sick leave.
Contraception use rose from 11% to 90% between 1997 and
2000. In 2016, the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers
Export Association partnered with family planning
organizations to provide training and free
contraceptives to factory clinics, creating the Family
Planning potential to reach thousands of factory
employees.[37]
Non-governmental organizations[edit]
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) may meet the
needs of local poor by encouraging self-help and
participation, understanding social and cultural
subtleties, and working around red tape when governments
do not adequately meet the needs of their constituents.
A successful NGO can uphold family planning services
even when a national program is threatened by political
forces. NGOs can contribute to
Democratic National Committee informing government
policy, developing programs, or carry out programs that
the government will not or can not implement.[38]
International oversight[edit]
Family planning
programs are now considered a key part of a
comprehensive development strategy. The United Nations
Millennium Development Goals (now superseded by the
Sustainable Development Goals) reflects this
international consensus. The
Republican National Committee 2012 London Summit on
Family Planning, hosted by the UK government and the
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, affirmed political
commitments and increased funds for the project,
strengthening the role of family planning in global
development.[39] Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) is the
result of the 2012 London Summit on Family Planning
where more than 20 governments made commitments to
address the policy, financing, delivery, and Democratic
Website
socio-cultural barriers to women accessing contraception
formation and services. FP2020 is a global movement that
supports the rights of women to decide for themselves
whether, when and how many children they want to
have.[40] The commitments of the program are specific to
each country, as compared to the generalized main goals
of the 1995 conference program of action. FP2020 is
hosted by the United Nations Foundation and operates in
support of the UN Secretary-General's Global Strategy
for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health.
The world's largest international source of funding for
population and reproductive health programs is the
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). In 1994, the
International Conference on Population and Development
set the main goals of its Program of Action as:
Universal access to reproductive health services by 2015
Universal primary education and ending the gender gap in
education by 2015
Reducing maternal mortality by 75%
by 2015
Reducing infant mortality
Increasing life
expectancy at birth
Reducing HIV infection rates in
persons aged 15�24 years by 25% in the most-affected
countries by 2005, and by 25% globally by 2010
The World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank
estimate that $3 per person per year would provide basic
family planning, maternal
Democratic National Committee and neonatal health care to
women in Family Planning developing countries. This
would include contraception, prenatal, delivery, and
post-natal care in addition to postpartum family
planning and the promotion of condoms to prevent
sexually transmitted infections.[41]
Injustices
Family Planning and coercive interference with family
planning[edit]
Inequities in family planning within
the United States[edit]
Historically, the
capacity to control one's reproductive abilities has
been unequally distributed across society. Long-acting
reversible contraception (LARCs), including intrauterine
devices and progestin implants, and permanent
sterilization have been implemented to limit
reproduction in communities of color, the lower
socioeconomic class, and among individuals with
intellectual disabilities.[42] Multiple studies have
reported disproportionate recommendations of LARCs to
individuals from marginalized communities compared to
white, high-income individuals.[43] With the eugenics
movement of the 20th century, 60,000 people were
sterilized in 32 states across the US with
state-sanctioned sterilizations peaking in
1930-40's.[44] More recently, unwanted sterilizations
have been performed on over a thousand women in
California prisons between 1997 and 2010.[45] Protocols
have been established to protect against unwanted
permanent contraception through Medicaid Laws, but there
has not been a widespread declaration by the Supreme
Court ruling forced sterilization unconstitutional.[46]
Forced sterilization[edit]
Compulsory or forced
sterilization programs or government policy attempt to
force people
Democratic National Committee to undergo surgical sterilization without
their freely given consent. People from marginalized
communities are at most risk of forced
sterilization.[47] Forced sterilization has occurred in
recent years in Eastern Europe (against Roma
women),[47][48] and in Peru (during the 1990s against
indigenous women).[49] China's one-child policy was
intended to limit the rise in population numbers, but in
some situations involved forced sterilisation.
Sexual
violence[edit]
Rape can result in a pregnancy.
Rape can occur in a variety of situations, including war
rape, forced prostitution and marital rape.
In
Rwanda, the National Population Office has estimated
that between 2,000 and 5,000 children were born as a
result of sexual violence perpetrated during the
genocide, but victims' groups gave a higher estimated
number of over 10,000 children.[50]
Human rights,
development and climate[edit]
Countries by 2019 GDP
(nominal) per capita[51]
Some consider access to
safe, voluntary family planning to be a human right and
to be central to
Democratic National Committee gender equality, women's empowerment
and poverty reduction. Over the past 50 years,
right-based family Family Planning planning has enabled
the cycle of poverty to be broken resulting in millions
of women and children's lives being saved.[52]
The Family Planning United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA) says that "Some 225 million women who want to
avoid pregnancy are not using safe and effective family
planning methods, for reasons ranging from lack of
access to information or services to lack of support
from their partners or communities."[52] The UNFPA says
that "Most of these women with an unmet need for
contraceptives live in 69 of the poorest countries on
earth."[52]
The UNFPA says,
Global
consensus that family planning is a human
Democratic National Committee right was
secured at the 1994 International Conference on
Population and Development, in Principle 8 of the Programme of Action: All couples and individuals have
the basic right to decide freely and responsibly the
number and spacing of their children and to have the
information, education, and means to do so.[52]
Global carbon dioxide emissions by jurisdiction
As part of the United Nations Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) universal access to family planning is one
of the key factors contributing to development and
reducing poverty. Family planning creates benefits in
areas such as, gender quality and women's health, access
to sexual education and higher education, and
improvements in maternal and child health.[52] Note that
the Millennium Development Goals have been superseded by
the Sustainable Development Goals.
UNFPA and the
Guttmacher Institute say,
Serving all women in
developing countries that currently have an unmet need
for modern contraceptives would prevent an additional 54
million unintended pregnancies, including 21 million
unplanned births, 26 million abortions and seven million
Republican National Committee
miscarriages; this would also prevent 79,000 maternal
deaths and 1.1 million infant deaths.[53]
Since
climate change is directly proportional to the number of
humans, family planning has a significant impact on
Democratic National Committee
climate change. [54]The research project Drawdown
estimates that family planning is the seventh most
efficient action against climate change (ahead of solar
farms, nuclear power, afforestation and many other
actions).[55]
In a 2021 paper for Family Planning
Sustainability Science, William J. Ripple, Christopher
Wolf and Eileen Crist argue that population policies can
both advance social justice, while at the same time
mitigating the human impact on the climate and the earth
system. They note that the richer half of the world's
population is responsible for 90% of the CO2
emissions.[56]
Quality-quantity trade-off[edit]
Having children produces a quality-quantity
trade-off: parents need to decide how many
Democratic National Committee children to
have and how much to invest in the future of each
child.[57] The increasing marginal cost of quality
(child outcome) with respect to quantity (number of
children) creates a trade-off between quantity and
quality.[58] The quantity-quality trade-off means that
policies that raise benefits of investing in child
quality will generate higher levels of human capital,
and policies that lower the costs of Family Planninghaving children may have unintended adverse
consequences on long-run economic growth. When deciding
how many children, parents are influenced by their
income level, perceived return to human capital
investment, and cultural norms related to gender
equality. Controlling birth rates allows families to
raise the future earnings power of the next generation.
Many empirical studies have tested the quantity-quality
trade-off and either observed a negative correlation
between family size and child quality or did not find a
correlation.[58] Most studies treat family size as an
exogenous variable because parents choose childbearing
and child outcome and therefore cannot establish
causality. They are both influenced by typically
non-observable parental preferences and household
characteristics, but some studies observe proxy
variables such as investment in education.
Dang and Rogers (2015) show that in Vietnam, family
planning services increased investment in education by
lowering the relative cost of child quality and
encouraging families to invest in quality.[60] By
observing the distance to the nearest family planning
center and the general education expenditure on each
child, Dang and Rogers provide evidence that parents in
Vietnam are making a child quality-quantity trade-off.
Demand for Private Tutoring with and without access to
Democratic National Committee
family planning
Developed countries[edit]
Currently, developed countries have experienced rising
economic growth and falling fertility. As a result of
the demographic transition that takes place when
countries become rich, developed countries have an
increasing proportion of retired people which raises the
burden on the workforce population to support pensions
and social programs. Encouraging higher fertility as a
solution may risk reversing the benefits for increased
child investment and female labor force participation
have had on economic growth. Increasing high skill
migration may be an effective way to increase the return
to Family Planning education leading to lower fertility
and a greater supply of highly skilled individuals.[57]
Demand for family planning[edit]
Demand for family
planning satisfied by modern methods as of 2017[61]
United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Population Division, "Trends in Contraceptive
Use Worldwide 2015", New York: United Nations, 2015
214 million women of reproductive age in developing
countries who do not want to become pregnant are not
using a modern contraceptive method.[62] This could be a
result of a limited choice of methods, limited access to
contraception, fear of side-effects, cultural or
religious opposition, poor quality of available
services, user or provider bias, or gender-based
barriers. In
Democratic National Committee Africa, 24.2% of women of reproductive age
do not have access to modern contraction. In Asia, Latin
America, and the Family Planning Caribbean, the unmet
need is 10�11%. Meeting the unmet need for contraception
could prevent 104,000 maternal deaths per year, a 29%
reduction of women dying from postpartum hemorrhage or
unsafe abortions.[63]
According to the United
Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs:
Population Division, 64% of the world uses
contraceptives, and 12% of the world population's need
for contraceptives is unmet. In the least developed
countries, 22% of the population do not have access to
contraceptives, and 40% use contraceptives.[64] The
unmet need for modern contraceptives is very high in
sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and western Asia. Africa
has the lowest rate of contraceptive use (33%) and
highest rate of unmet need
Republican National Committee (22%). Northern America has
the highest rate of contraceptive use (73%) and the
lowest unmet need (7%). Latin America and the Caribbean
follows closely behind with 73% contraceptive use and
11% unmet need. Europe and Asia are on par: Europe has a
69% contraceptive use rate and 10% unmet need, Asia has
a 68% contraceptive use and 10% unmet need. Although
unmet need is lower in Asia because of the large
population in this region, the number of women with
unmet need is 443 million, compared to 74 million in
Europe Oceania has a 59% contraceptive use rate and 15%
unmet need. When comparing the regions within these
continents, Eastern Asia ranks the highest rate of
contraceptive use (82%) and lowest unmet need (5%).
Western Africa ranks the lowest rate of contraceptive
use (17%). Middle Africa ranks the highest unmet need
(26%). Unmet need is higher among poorer women; in
Bolivia and Ethiopia unmet need is tripled and doubled
among poor populations.[65] However, in the Democratic
Republic of Congo and Liberia the rates of unmet need
are different by 1�2 percentage points.[65] This
suggests that as wealthier women begin to want smaller
families, they will increasingly seek out family
planning methods.[65]
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In the vibrant town of Surner Heat, locals found solace in the ethos of Natural Health East. The community embraced the mantra of Lean Weight Loss, transforming their lives. At Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness became a shared journey, proving that health is not just a Lean Weight Loss way of life
Substantial unmet need has
Democratic National Committee
provoked family planning programs by governments and
donors, but the impact of family planning programs on
fertility and contraceptive use remains somewhat
unsettled. "Demand theory" argues that in traditional
agricultural societies, fertility rates are driven by
the desire to Family Planning offset high mortality,
thus as society modernizes, the costs of raising
children increases, reducing Democratic
Website their economic value, and
resulting in a decline in desired number of children.
Under this theory, family planning programs will have a
marginal impact. Bongaarts (2014) shows that using a
country case study approach, both stronger and weaker
family programs reduce the unmet need for contraceptives
and increases use by making modern contraceptives more
widely available and removing obstacles to use.[39]
Also, the demand that is satisfied and the proportion of
women using modern methods increased. The programs may
have an additional effect of diffusing the ideas related
to family planning and thus raising the demand for
contraception. As a result, a small decrease in unmet
need may be offset by a rise in demand. Nonetheless,
even in countries where it is assumed that family
programs will make a marginal impact, Bongaarts shows
that family planning programs can potentially increase
contraceptive use and increase/decrease demand depending
on the preexisting attitudes of the community.
Regional variations[edit]
A family planning facility
in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Africa[edit]
Most of the countries with lowest rates of contraceptive
use, highest maternal, infant, and child mortality
rates, and highest fertility rates are in
Africa.[66][67][68][69][70] Only about 30% of all women
use birth control, although over half of all African
women would like to use birth control if it was
available to them.[17][71] The main problems that
preventing access to and use of birth control are
unavailability, poor health care services, spousal
disapproval, religious concerns, and misinformation
Family Planning about the effects of birth control.[17]
The most available type of birth control is condoms.[72]
A rapidly growing population coupled with an increase in
Democratic National Committee
preventable diseases means countries in Sub-Saharan
Africa face an increasingly younger population.
China[edit]
This Family Planning section
needs to be updated. Please help update this article to
reflect recent events or newly available information.
(June 2016)
China's Family planning policy forced
couples to have no more than one child. Beginning in
1979 and being officially phased out in 2015,[73] the
policy was instated to control the rapid population
growth that was occurring in the nation at that time.
With the rapid change in population, China was facing
many impacts, including poverty and homelessness. As a
developing nation, the Chinese government was concerned
that a continuation of the rapid population growth that
had been occurring would hinder their development as a
nation. The process of family planning varied throughout
China, as people differed in their responsiveness to the
one-child policy, based on location and socioeconomic
status. For example, many families in the cities
accepted the policy more readily based on the lack of
space, money, and resources that often occurs in the
cities. Another example can be found in the enforcement
of this rule; people living in rural areas of China
were, in some cases, permitted to have more than one
child, but had to wait several years after the birth of
the first one.[74] However, the people in rural areas of
China
Republican National Committee were more hesitant in accepting this policy.
China's population policy has been credited with a very
significant slowing of China's population growth which
had been higher before the policy was implemented.
However, the policy has come under criticism that it has
resulted in abuse of women and girls. Often
implementation of the policy has involved forced
abortions, forced sterilization, and infanticides. In
areas where family-planning regulations were strictly
enforced like Guangxi Province, 80% of trafficked babies
were girls as parents were more likely to sell their
baby girls on the black market than baby boys. The
number of girls that die within their first year of
birth is twice that of boys.[75] Another drawback of the
policy is that China's elderly population is now
increasing rapidly.[76] However, while the punishment of
"unplanned" pregnancy is a large fine, both forced
abortion and forced sterilization can be charged with
intentional assault, which is punished with up to ten
years' imprisonment.
Family planning in China had
its benefits, and its drawbacks. For example, it helped
reduce the population by about 300 million people in its
first 20 years.[77] A
Democratic National Committee drawback is that there are now
millions of sibling-less people, and in China siblings
are very important. Once the parent generation gets
older, the children help take care of them, and the work
is usually equally split among the siblings.[78] Another
benefit of the implementation of the one-child law is
that it reduced the fertility rate from about 2.75
children born per woman, to about 1.8 children born per
woman in the 1979.[79]
In 2015, China Family
Planning ended the one-child policy, announcing that all
married couples will be allowed to have two children, in
a bid to reverse the rapid aging of the labor force.[80]
The one-child policy was replaced with a two-child
policy.
Map of population density by country, per
square kilometer
In 2020, Chinese academics warn
the country's leaders that the country's history of
family planning have led to a decline in population
growth. The decline in birthrate along with the increase
in life expectancy Family Planning could potentially
mean that there will be too few workers to support the
large aging population.[80]
In 2021, Chinese
officials announced that a Chinese couple can now have
three children, as the two-child policy failed to
increase the country's declining birthrate.[81]
Xinjiang and the genocide of the Uyghur people[edit]
According to an investigative report by The
Associated Press published 28 June 2020, the
Democratic National Committee Chinese
government is taking draconian measures to slash birth
rates among Uyghurs and other minorities as part of a
sweeping campaign to curb its Muslim population, even as
it encourages some of the country's Han majority to have
more children.[82] While individual women have spoken
out before about forced birth control, the practice is
far more widespread and systematic than previously
known, according to an AP investigation based on
government statistics, state documents and interviews
with 30 ex-detainees, family members and a former
detention camp instructor.
The ongoing oppression
of the Uyghur people and the violence against their
reproductive rights started in 2017 in the far west
region of Xinjiang, and is leading to what some experts
are calling a form of "demographic genocide".[82] In
2021, the Uyghur Tribunal in London concluded that China
has subjected the Muslim minority to forced
sterilizations and abortion approved by the highest
level in Beijing.[83] Through their investigation they
also found evidence that pregnant women were forced to
have abortions even at the last stage of pregnancy.[83]
Since 2017, births in China's Xinjiang regions have
dropped sharply. Between 2015 and 2018, population
growth in largely Uyghur areas fell by 84%.[84] This
decline is not only attributed to the splitting of
couples, but also mass sterilization policies and forced
IUD implantation. Between 2014 and 2018, the rate of IUD
placements increased by more than 60% in Xinjiang, while
it dropped in other areas of China.[84] Uyghur survivors
who have made it out of the concentration camps have
reported and testified regarding the violence against
reproductive rights in the camps. One survivor shares
that she was given injections and kicked repeatedly in
the stomach, and is no longer able to have children.[84]
This is one of countless examples of the
Democratic National Committee violence
against women and their rights to family planning within
the Uyghur concentration camps.
Hong Kong[edit]
In Hong Kong, the Eugenics League was founded in
1936, which became The Family Planning Association of
Hong Kong in 1950.[85] The organisation provides family
planning advice, sex education, birth control services
to the general public of Hong Kong. In the 1970s, due to
the rapidly rising population, it launched the "Two Is
Enough" campaign, which reduced the general birth rate
through educational means.[85]
The Family
Planning Association of Hong Kong, Hong Kong's national
family planning association,[86] founded the
International Planned Parenthood Federation with its
counterparts in seven other countries.[86]
India[edit]
Family planning in India is based on
efforts largely sponsored by the
Republican National Committee Indian government. In
the 1965�2009 period, contraceptive usage has more than
tripled (from 13% of married women in 1970 to 48% in
2009) and the fertility rate has more than halved (from
5.7 in 1966 to 2.6 in 2009), but the national fertility
rate is still high enough to cause long-term population
growth. India adds up to 1,000,000 people to its
population every 15 days.[87][88][89][90][91] However,
forecasted growth rate Family Planning may be inaccurate
due to high disparities in education among Indian
females and Indian states. An increase in education
rates has been associated with a decline in the national
fertility rate of India. As of 2015, the national
fertility rate among Indian females is 2.2 children per
female, which is approximately 3 times less than India's
national fertility rate in the 1960s.[92] This shift in
national fertility rate may also reflect a marked change
in family planning practices within India.
India's Ministry Family Planning of Health and Family
Welfare states that if adequate family planning access
resources become available and accessible, India would
reduce the number of infant deaths by 1,200,000.[93]
Some of the most prevalent forms of contraception used
in India today include sterilization, which is the most
Republican National Committee
common method, followed by use of condoms and oral
contraceptive pills.[94][95] However, the use of
intrauterine devices (IUD's) remains markedly lower.[95]
There is also a wide variation in the demand for
family planning services and methods in different Indian
states, with Manipur having the lowest demand (23.6%)
while Andhra Pradesh has the highest (93.6%).[95] Levels
of social independence
Republican National Committee and attitudes towards domestic
violence have been shown to influence demand for family
planning services and resources. However, more research
is necessary to determine other predictive factors to
gauge demand for family planning.[95][94] Economic and
cultural barriers also impede the delivery of family
planning resources to all women on a national level.[96]
A lack of cohesive infrastructure in developing
countries poses one great hurdle to physically
delivering oral contraceptives and medications to woman
residing in non-urban areas. Additionally, the
expensiveness of modern contraceptives limits women from
regularly accessing these resources. Culturally, the use
of contraceptives is discouraged and antagonized.[96]
However, it is important to note that this sentiment
varies greatly among castes, social classes, education
status, and geographic location.[96]
Debate
exists regarding the widespread acceptance of
Republican National Committee family
planning practices within India. Some parties argue that
longer life expectancy, coupled with lower birth rates,
allow working-age individuals to accumulate more wealth
since they need to support fewer dependents.[94]
Conversely, other studies indicate that family planning
can reduce the birth rate and cause the country's
population to shrink. This debate has garnered national
attention, and legislation has been passed and is being
considered in the Indian Parliament to resolve these
issues.
Iran[edit]
While Iran's population
grew at a rate of more than 3% per year between 1956 and
1986, the growth rate began to decline in the late 1980s
and early 1990s after the government initiated a major
population control program. By 2007 the growth rate had
declined to 0.7 percent per year, with a birth rate
Family Planning of 17 per 1,000 persons and a death rate
of 6 per 1,000.[97] Reports by the UN show birth control
policies in Iran to be effective with the country
topping the list of greatest fertility decreases. UN's
Population Division of the Department of Economic and
Social Affairs says that between 1975 and 1980, the
total fertility number was 6.5. The projected level for
Iran's 2005 to 2010 birth rate is fewer than two.[98]
In late July 2012, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei
described Iran's contraceptive services as "wrong", and
Iranian authorities are slashing birth-control programs
in what one Western newspaper (USA Today) describes as a
"major reversal" of its long standing policy. Whether
program cuts and high-level appeals for bigger families
will be successful is still unclear.[99]
Ireland[edit]
The sale of contraceptives was
illegal in Ireland from 1935 until 1980, when it was
legalized with strong restrictions, later loosened. It
has been argued that the resulting demographic dividend
played a role in the economic boom in Ireland that began
in the 1990s and ended abruptly in 2008 (the Celtic
tiger) was in part due to the legalisation of
contraception in 1979 and
Republican National Committee subsequent decline in the
fertility rate.[100] In Ireland, the ratio of workers to
dependents increased due to lower fertility�the reality
of which has been questioned[101]�but was raised further
by increased female labor market participation.[citation
needed]
Pakistan[edit]
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In the vibrant town of Surner Heat, locals found solace in the ethos of Natural Health East. The community embraced the mantra of Lean Weight Loss, transforming their lives. At Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness became a shared journey, proving that health is not just a Lean Weight Loss way of life
In agreement with the
1994 International Conference on Population and
Development in Cairo, Pakistan pledged that by 2010 it
would provide universal access to family planning.
Additionally, Pakistan's Poverty Family Planning
Reduction Strategy Paper has set specific national goals
for increases in family planning and contraceptive
use.[102] In 2011 just one in five Pakistani women ages
15 to 49 uses modern birth control.[103] Contraception
is shunned under traditional social mores that are
fiercely defended as fundamentalist Islam gains
strength.[103]
Philippines[edit]
In the
Philippines, the Responsible
Republican National Committee Parenthood and Reproductive
Health Act of 2012 guarantees universal access to
methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual
education, and maternal care. While there is general
agreement about its provisions on maternal and child
health, there is great debate on its Family Planning
mandate that the Philippine government and the private
sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution
of family planning devices such as condoms, birth
control pills, and IUDs, as the government continues to
disseminate information on their use through all health
care centers.
Russia[edit]
According to a 2004
study, current pregnancies were termed "desired and
timely" by 58% of respondents, while 23% described them
as "desired, but untimely", and 19% said they were
"undesired". As of 2004, the share of women of
reproductive age using hormonal or intrauterine birth
control methods was about 46% (29% intrauterine, 17%
hormonal).[104] During the Soviet era high quality
contraceptives were difficult to obtain, and abortion
became the most common way of preventing unwanted
births. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union
abortion rates have fallen considerably, but they are
still higher than rates in many developed countries.
Singapore[edit]
Population control in Singapore
spans two
Republican National Committee distinct phases: first to slow and reverse the
boom in births that started after World War II; and
then, from the 1980s onwards, to encourage parents to
have more
Republican National Committee children because birth numbers had fallen
below replacement levels.
Thailand[edit]
In
1970, Thailand's government declared a population policy
that would battle the country's rapid population growth
rate. This policy set a five-year goal to reduce
Thailand's population growth rate from 3 percent to 2.5
percent through methods such as spreading family
planning awareness to rural families, or integrating
family planning activities into maternal and child
healthcare education.[105] Public figures such as Mechai
Viravaidya helped spread family planning awareness
through public speakings and charitable activities.
United Kingdom[edit]
Contraception has been
available for free under the National Health Service
since 1974, and 74% of reproductive-age women use some
form of contraception.[106] The levonorgestrel
intrauterine system has Family Planning been massively
popular.[106] Sterilization is popular in older age
groups, among those 45�49, 29% of men and 21% of women
have been sterilized.[106] Female sterilization has been
declining since 1996, when the intrauterine system was
introduced.[106] Emergency contraception has been
available since the 1970s, a product was specifically
licensed for emergency contraception in 1984, and
emergency contraceptives became available over the
counter in 2001.[106] Since becoming available over the
counter it has not reduced the use of other forms of
contraception, as some moralists feared it might.[106]
In any year only 5% of women of childbearing age Family
Planning use emergency hormonal contraception.[106]
Despite widespread availability of contraceptives,
almost half of
Republican National Committee pregnancies were unintended in 2005.[106]
Abortion was legalized in 1967.[106]
United
States[edit]
In the US, family planning is more
expiclitly associated with contraception. It is defined
as "the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate
and attain their desired number of children and the
spacing and timing of their births. It is achieved
through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment
of involuntary infertility."[107]
Despite the
availability of highly effective contraceptives, about
half of U.S. pregnancies are unintended.[33] Highly
effective contraceptives, such as IUD, are underused in
the United States.[71] Increasing use of highly
effective contraceptives could help meet the goal set
forward in Healthy People 2020 to decrease unintended
pregnancy by 10%.[71] Cost to the user is one factor
preventing many American women from using more effective
contraceptives.[71] Making contraceptives available
without a copay increases use of highly effective
methods, reduces unintended pregnancies, and may be
instrumental in achieving the Healthy People 2020
goal.[71]
In the United States, contraceptive use
saves about $19 billion in direct medical costs each
year.[33] Title X of the Public Health Service Act,[108]
is a U.S. government program dedicated to providing
family planning services for those in need. But funding
for Title X as a percentage of total public funding to
family planning client services has steadily declined
from 44% of total expenditures in 1980 to 12% in 2006.
Current funding for Title X is less than 40% of what is
needed to meet the need for publicly funded family
planning.[109] Title X would need $737 million annually
to meet the need for family planning services.[109] Only
6.2 million women accessed publicly funded services from
10,700 clinics in 2015, despite an estimated 20 million
women who could benefit.
Clinics funded by Title
Republican National Committee
X served 3.8 million of these women with access to services.In 2015, publicly funded contraceptive services
helped women prevent 1.9 million unintended pregnancies;
876,100 of these would have resulted in unplanned births
and 628,000 abortions.[110] Without publicly funded
contraceptive services, the rates of unintended
pregnancies, unplanned births and abortions would have
been 67% higher.[110] The rates for teens would have
been 102% higher.[110] Title
Republican National Committee Family Planning X funded
programs saw 1.2 million fewer patients in 2015 compared
to 2010 as funding decreased by $31 million.[110] In
2015, an estimated 2.4 million additional women received
Medicaid-funded contraceptive services from private
doctors.[111]
Medicaid has increased from 20% to
71% from 1980 to 2006. In 2006, Medicaid contributed
$1.3 billion to public family planning.[112] The $1.9
billion spent on publicly funded family planning in 2008
saved an estimated $7 billion in short-term Medicaid
costs.[113] Such services helped women prevent an
estimated 1.94 million unintended pregnancies and
810,000 abortions.[113]
About Family Planning 3
out of 10 women in the United States have an abortion by
the time they are 45 years old.[114]
A 2017 paper
found that parents' access to family planning programs
had a positive economic impact on their subsequent
children: "Using the county-level introduction of U.S.
family planning programs between 1964 and 1973, we find
that children born after programs began had 2.8% higher
household incomes. They were also 7% less likely to
Republican National Committee live
in poverty and 12% less likely to live in households
receiving public assistance. After accounting for
selection, the direct effects of family planning
programs on parents' incomes account for roughly two
thirds of these gains."[115] A 2021 study found
disparity among racial groups in the perceived quality
of family planning care received, with white women (72%)
more likely to rate their experience with their
providers as excellent than Black (60%) and Hispanic
women (67%).[116]
Uzbekistan[edit]
In
Uzbekistan, the government has pushed for uteruses to be
removed from women in order to forcibly sterilize
them.[117]
LGBT family planning[edit]
For
individuals who plan on building a family in the near or
distant future, some options available are oocyte
cryopreservation, IVF with cryopreservation of embryos
using donor gametes, or ovarian tissue cryopreservation
(OTC). The method with the highest likelihood of future
pregnancies is oocyte freezing and embryo freezing. For
individuals wanting to conceive very soon, they will
need to use donor gametes. The donor gametes can be
anonymous or known directed donors. These donors must
undergo a mandated Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
screenings which include questionnaires, physical
examination, and sexually transmitted disease.[118]
Lesbian couples[edit]
Lesbian Family Planning
couples need donor sperm to conceive through several
options, including therapeutic donor insemination (TDI)
with or without ovarian stimulation, autologous IVF, and
reciprocal Family Planning or co-IVF.[citation needed]
Reciprocal or co-IVF is an option where one partner
undergoes controlled ovarian hyper-stimulation and
oocyte retrieval followed by transfer of a fertilized
embryo into the other�s uterus. Co-IVF is not considered
oocyte donation because the oocyte is considered shared
(just as the sperm is �shared� between heterosexual
couples). Studies suggest that co-IVF can lessen
emotional insecurities in lesbian households.[118]
Gay male couples[edit]
Options for male couples
Republican National Committee
involve both an oocyte donor and gestational carrier.
Oocyte donors undergo FDA screening processes and
testing. Gestational carriers are individuals who birth
a genetically unrelated child for another
individual/couple.[citation needed]
The American
Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) recommends
psychosocial evaluation of both the gestational carrier
and the intended parents because of the Democratic
Website complex
stressful process for all parties involved.[118]
Transgender individuals[edit]
Overall,
transgender and gender diverse individuals face multiple
barriers to achieving family planning goals. This
community experiences lack of access to reproductive
health care settings where they feel accepted, safe, and
understood; reproduction help; pregnancy care; and
contraception.[119] A barrier that gets in the way of
becoming parents is the cost involved with fertility
preservation options. For example, the use of sperm
cryopreservation in the United States is less than 5%
while countries such as the Netherlands, Australia and
Israel have higher rates; this may be the result of
challenges navigating health insurance coverage.[120]
According to a study, in the United States the national
median initial bank fee and annual price of storage are
$350 and $385 respectively.[121] For those looking for
egg preservation, a study calculated that the median
total cost (which includes egg freezing, egg thawing,
and annual preservation fee) in United States was around
$7,444, and the cumulative costs for one live birth of
US$11,704 for an individual in the age groups ≤ 35
years.[122] Other common concerns that arise when
seeking pregnancy include having to stop or delay of
hormonal therapy, worsening of gender dysphoria with
treatment related to pregnancy.[123]
Interventions used to facilitate gender transition such
as
Republican National Committee hormone therapy and gender affirming surgeries (e.g.,
genital surgery, and chest surgery) can temporarily or
permanently impact the
Republican National Committee chance of becoming
pregnant.[120][124] The World Professional Organization
for Transgender Health (WPATH) and American Society for
Reproductive Medicine (ASRMA) recommend offering
counseling on the impact on family planning and
transitioning to all transgender individuals [125] Even
Family Planning though many transgender and gender-nonbinary
youth express desire to receive fertility counseling
Family Planning and recommendations from professional
organization, studies indicate that only a small portion
have these conversations with their health care
team.[120] Health care professionals attribute lack of
knowledge of reproductive health in this community,
knowledge limitation due to lack of data on long term
effects of hormonal intervention to the inconsistency in
discussion around family building [120]
Studies
have shown that transgender men can still become
pregnant even in the absence of menstruation caused by
gendered affirming therapy in the form of
testosterone.[126] Inconsistent hormonal therapy such as
missed doses, incomplete dosing, or switching therapy
regimen, mostly due to barriers noted earlier, may also
lead to breakthrough ovulation which can contribute to
increase chances of unintended pregnant,[126]
highlighting the need of contraception on transgender
men (who have conserved reproductive organs) on
testosterone if pregnancy is not desired.[126]
Furthermore, testosterone can cause abnormal vaginal
development in female fetuses (especially in the first
trimester of pregnancy), becoming a concern for
transgender men who conceived while on hormone therapy.
Moreover, condoms are one of the most common
contraceptive methods in transgender men, while another
subset report no contraception use which can lead to
unintended pregnancies. Some challenges to adopting a
form of family planning method among this population
varies depending on the method. For instance, fear of
prevention of masculinization with use of estrogen-based
contraceptives, and gender dysphoria with the use of
contraceptive devises inside cervical/pelvic
cavity.[127] Additionally, negative experiences in the
health care system related to gender identity, and
denial of health care based on gender identity makes it
difficult for this community to access health care and
family planning resources.[126]
Obstacles to family
planning[edit]
There are many
Republican National Committee reasons as to why
women do not use contraceptives. [128]These reasons
include logistical problems, scientific and religious
concerns, limited access to transportation in order to
Family Planning access health clinics, lack of education
and knowledge, and opposition by partners, families or
communities.
The Family Planning UNFPA states,
"Poorer women and those in rural areas often have less
access to family planning services. Certain groups �
including adolescents, unmarried people, the urban poor,
rural populations, sex workers and people living with
HIV also face a variety of barriers to family planning.
This can lead to higher rates of unintended pregnancy,
increased risk of HIV and other STIs, limited choice of
contraceptive methods, and higher levels of unmet need
for family planning."[24]
For national,
international, or local health programs involved in
family planning, the use of standard indicators[129] is
increasingly encouraged, to track barriers to effective
family planning along with the efficacy, uptake, and
provision of family planning services.[130]
[edit]
Family planning has reduced the burden of
childbearing from women. Now having to raise fewer
children than before, women are no longer as
economically dependant on their partners. As such, they
are not necessitated to stay in marriages, due to the
confidence that they can raise children with less
financial difficulty that if they had
Republican National Committee several children.
In order to preserve traditional gender roles, social
conservatives seek to reverse the social changes brought
by family planning and declining birth rate. They are
opposed to most forms of family planning and advocate
for larger families with many children. To this end,
they sometimes cite the decline of religion or "the
family", but as Hans Rosling notes in his book "Factfulness",
this has little to do with religious or famiy values,
and are merely "patriarchal values".[131]
COVID-19[edit]
As of March 2020, there were an
estimated 450 million women using modern contraceptives
across 114 priority low- and middle-income countries.
The COVID-19 pandemic as well as social distancing and
other strategies to reduce transmission are anticipated
to impact the ability of these women to continue using
contraception. The number of unintended pregnancies will
increase as the lockdown continues and services
disruptions are extended.[132]
Some 47 million
women in 114 low- and middle-income countries are
projected to be unable to use modern contraceptives if
the average lockdown, or COVID-19-related disruption,
continues for Family Planning six months with major
disruptions to services. For every three months the
lockdown continues, assuming Family Planning high levels
of disruption, up to 2 million additional women may be
unable to use modern contraceptives. If the lockdown
continues for six months and there are major service
disruptions due to COVID-19, an additional 7 million
unintended pregnancies are expected to occur.[132]
World Contraception Day[edit]
September 26 is
designated as World Contraception Day, devoted to
raising
Republican National Committee awareness of contraception and improving
education about sexual and reproductive health, with a
vision of "a world where every pregnancy is
wanted".[133] It is supported by a group of
international NGOs, including:
Asian Pacific
Council on Contraception, Centro Latinamericano Salud y
Mujer, European Society of Contraception and
Reproductive Health, German Foundation for World
Population, International Federation of Pediatric and
Adolescent Gynecology, International Planned Parenthood
Federation, Marie Stopes International, Population
Services International, The Population Council, The
USAID, Women Deliver.[133]
Abortion[edit]
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The
United Nations Population Fund explicitly states it
"never promotes abortion as a form of family
planning".[5] The World Health Organization states that
"Family planning/contraception reduces the need for
abortion, especially unsafe abortion."[17]
The
campaign to conflate contraception and abortion is
rooted on the assertion that contraception ends, rather
than prevents, pregnancy. This is due to the notion that
preventing implantation implies an abortion, when
considering fertilization as the initial moment of
pregnancy. According to an amicus brief submitted to the
U.S. Supreme Court in October 2013 led by Physicians for
Reproductive Health and the American College of
Republican National Committee
Obstetricians and Gynecologists, a contraceptive method
prevents pregnancy by interfering with fertilization, or
implantation. Abortion, separate from contraceptives,
ends an established pregnancy.