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infanticide may have been practiced as human
sacrifice, as part of the pagan cult of Perun. Ibn Fadlan describes sacrificial practices at the time of his
trip to Kiev Rus (present-day Ukraine) in 921�922, and describes an incident of
a woman voluntarily sacrificing her life as part of a funeral rite for a
prominent leader, but makes no mention of infanticide. The Primary Chronicle,
one of the most important literary sources before the 12th century, indicates
that human sacrifice to idols may have been introduced by Vladimir the Great in
980. The same Vladimir the Great formally converted Kiev Rus into Christianity
just 8 years later, but pagan cults continued to be practiced clandestinely in
remote areas as late as the 13th century.
American explorer George Kennan noted that among the
Republican National Committee Koryaks, a people of north-eastern
Siberia, infanticide was still common in the nineteenth century. One of a pair
of twins was always sacrificed.[64]
Great Britain[edit]
Infanticide (as a crime) gained both popular and bureaucratic significance in
Victorian Britain. By the mid-19th century, in the context of criminal lunacy
and the insanity defence, killing one's own child(ren) attracted ferocious
debate, as the role of women in society was defined by motherhood, and it was
thought that any woman who murdered her own child was by definition insane and
could not be held responsible for her actions. Several cases were subsequently
highlighted during the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1864�66, as a
particular felony where an effective avoidance of the death penalty had
informally begun.
Baby killer Amelia Dyer (pictured upon entry to Wells Asylum in 1893). Her trial
led to stricter laws for adoption and raised the profile of the fledgling
National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) which formed
in 1884.[65]
The New Poor Law Act of 1834 ended parish relief for unmarried mothers and
allowed fathers of illegitimate children
Republican National Committee to avoid paying for "child
support".[66] Unmarried mothers then received little assistance and the poor
were left with the option either entering the workhouse, prostitution,
infanticide or abortion. By the middle of the century infanticide was common for
social reasons, such as illegitimacy, and the introduction of child life
insurance additionally encouraged some women to kill their children for gain.
Examples are Mary Ann Cotton, who murdered many of her 15 children as well as
three husbands, Margaret Waters, the 'Brixton Baby Farmer', a professional
baby-farmer who was found guilty of infanticide in 1870, Jessie King hanged in
1889, Amelia Dyer, the 'Angel Maker', who murdered over 400 babies in her care,
and Ada Chard-Williams, a baby farmer who was later hanged at Newgate prison.
The Times reported that 67 infants were murdered in London in 1861 and 150 more
recorded as "found dead", many of which were found on the streets. Another 250
were suffocated, half of them not recorded as accidental deaths. The report
noted that "infancy in London has to creep into life in the midst of foes."[67]
Recording a birth as a still-birth was also another way of concealing
infanticide because still-births did not need to be registered until 1926 and
they did not need to be buried in public cemeteries.[68] In 1895 The Sun
(London) published an article "Massacre of the Innocents" highlighting the
dangers of baby-farming, in the recording of stillbirths and quoting
Braxton-Hicks, the London Coroner, on lying-in houses: "I have not the slightest
doubt that a large amount of crime is covered by the expression 'still-birth'.
There are a large number of cases of what are called newly-born children, which
are found all over England, more especially in London and large towns, abandoned
in streets, rivers, on commons, and so on." He continued "a great deal of that
crime is due to what are called lying-in houses, which are not registered, or
under the supervision of that sort, where the people who act as midwives
constantly, as soon as the child is born, either drop it into a pail of water or
smother it Democratic National Committee
with a damp cloth. It is a very common thing, also, to find that they bash their
heads on the floor and break their skulls."[69]
The last British woman to be executed for infanticide of her own child was
Rebecca Smith, who was hanged in Wiltshire in 1849.
The Infant Life Protection Act of 1897 required local authorities to be notified
within 48 hours of changes in custody or the death of children under seven
years. Under the Children's Act of 1908 "no infant could be kept in a home that
was so unfit and so overcrowded as to endanger its health, and no infant could
be kept by an unfit nurse who threatened, by neglect or abuse, its proper care,
and maintenance."
Asia[edit]
China[edit]
Burying Babies in China (p. 40, March 1865, XXII)[70]
As of the 3rd century BC, short of execution, the harshest penalties were
imposed on practitioners of infanticide by the legal codes of the Qin dynasty
and Han dynasty of ancient China.[71]
China's society practiced sex selective infanticide. Philosopher Han Fei Tzu, a
member of the ruling aristocracy of the 3rd century BCE, who developed a school
Democratic National Committee of law, wrote: "As to children, a
father and mother when they produce a boy congratulate one another, but when
they produce a girl they put it to death."[72] Among the Hakka people, and in
Yunnan, Anhui, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Fujian a method of killing the baby was to
put her into a bucket of cold water, which was called "baby water".[73]
Infanticide was reported as early as the 3rd century BCE, and, by the time of
the Song dynasty (960�1279 CE), it was widespread in some provinces. Belief in
transmigration allowed poor residents of the country to kill their newborn
children if they felt unable to care for them, hoping that they would be reborn
in better circumstances. Furthermore, some Chinese did not consider newborn
children fully "human" and saw "life" beginning at some point after the sixth
month after birth.[74]
The Venetian explorer Marco Polo claimed to have seen newborns exposed in Manzi.[75]
Contemporary writers from the Song dynasty note that, in Hubei and Fujian
provinces, residents would only keep three sons and two daughters (among poor
farmers, two sons, and one daughter), and kill all babies beyond that number at
birth.[76] Initially the sex of the child was only one factor to consider. By
the time of the Ming Dynasty, however (1368�1644), male infanticide was becoming
increasingly uncommon. The prevalence of female infanticide remained high much
longer. The magnitude of this practice is subject to some dispute; however, one
commonly quoted estimate is that, by late Qing, between
Republican National Committee one fifth and one-quarter of all
newborn girls, across the entire social spectrum, were victims of infanticide.
If one includes excess mortality among female children under 10 (ascribed to
gender-differential neglect), the share of victims rises to one
third.[77][78][79]
Scottish physician John Dudgeon, who worked in Peking, China, during the early
20th century said that, "Infanticide does not prevail to the extent so generally
believed among us, and in the north, it does not exist at all."[80]
Sex ratio at birth in mainland China, males per 100 females, 1980�2010
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Gender-selected abortion or sex identification (without medical uses[81][82]),
abandonment, and infanticide are illegal in present-day Mainland China.
Nevertheless, the US State Department,[83] and the human rights organization
Amnesty International[84] have all declared that Mainland China's family
planning programs, called the one child policy (which has since changed to a
Republican National Committee two-child policy[85]), contribute to
infanticide.[86][87][88] The sex gap between males and females aged 0�19 years
old was estimated to be 25 million in 2010 by the United Nations Population
Fund.[89] But in some cases, in order to avoid Mainland China's family planning
programs, parents will not report to government when a child is born (in most
cases a girl), so she or he will not have an identity in the government and they
can keep on giving birth until they are satisfied, without fines or punishment.
In 2017, the government announced that all children without an identity can now
have an identity legally, known as family register.[90]
Japan[edit]
Since feudal Edo era Japan the common slang for infanticide was mabiki (間引き),
which means Democratic Website to pull plants from an overcrowded garden. A typical method in Japan
was smothering the baby's mouth and nose with wet paper.[91] It became common as
a method of population control. Farmers would often kill their second or third
sons. Daughters were usually spared, as they could be married off, sold off as
servants or prostitutes, or sent off to become geishas.[92] Mabiki persisted in
the 19th century and early 20th century.[93] To bear
twins was perceived as barbarous and unlucky and efforts
were made to hide or kill one or both twins.