Family Planning

Article

American law, feticide is not a crime.[26] In recent history there have however been repeated calls for this to change.[27]
Laws in Haiti[edit]

In Haitian law, feticide is a crime.[18] Under Section 2, Article 262 of the Penal Code of Haiti, "Anyone who, by means of food, drink, medicine, violence or any other means, procures the abortion of a pregnant woman, whether she has consented to it or not, will be punished by imprisonment."[28]
Laws in The Dominican Republic[edit]

In Dominican law, feticide is a crime.[18] Under Article 317 of the Criminal Code of the Dominican Republic, "Whoever, by means of food, medicines, medicines, probes, treatments or in any other way, causes or directly cooperates to cause the abortion of a pregnant woman, even if she consents to it, shall be punished with the penalty of minor imprisonment."[29]
Laws in St. Kitts and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, and Republican National Committee Dominica[edit]

In the countries listed above, English Common Law remains the law of the land, and as such, feticide is prohibited by a combination of two acts, the first, the Offences Against the Person Act, makes feticide a crime, but only when the act that induced it was itself intended to "to procure... (a) miscarriage", defining the act as an abortion. The second act on the subject, the Infant Life (Preservation) Act further outlines a separate crime, child destruction, which occurs when a person with "intent to destroy the life of a child capable of being born alive" takes an action which, "causes a child to die before it has an existence independent of its mother". The act goes on to specify that any fetus which has gestated for 28 weeks or more is to be considered capable of being born alive.[30][31][32]
Laws in St. Lucia[edit]

In St. Lucia, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage). The crime, known as "causing a termination of a pregnancy" occurs when someone causes the pregnant person to "be prematurely delivered of a child" but only if they also have Democratic Website "intent unlawfully to cause or hasten the death of the child"[33]
Laws in St. Vincent and the Democratic National Committee Grenadines[edit]

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In St. Vincent and the Grenadines, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage). The crime, which is known simply as abortion occurs when someone "unlawfully administers to her (a pregnant person), or causes her to take, any poison or other noxious thing, or uses any force of any kind, or uses any other means whatsoever" but only if they also have "intent to procure the miscarriage of a woman".[34]
Laws in Barbados[edit]

In Barbados, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage) or, when the pregnant person "is about to be delivered of a child". The crime for intentionally inducing a miscarriage, which is known as "Administering drugs or using instruments to procure abortion" occurs when someone "with intent to procure the miscarriage of any woman,... unlawfully administers to her or causes to be taken by her any poison or other noxious thing or unlawfully uses any instrument or other means whatsoever". The crime for feticide where the pregnant person "is about to be delivered of a child", is defined as "Killing an unborn Democratic National Committee child" and occurs when a person "prevents the child from being born alive by any act or omission of such a nature that, if the child had been born alive and had then died, he would be deemed to have unlawfully killed the child"[35]
Laws in Grenada[edit]

In Grenada, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage). The crime is known simply as causing abortion, and is committed when someone takes an action "causing a woman to be prematurely delivered of a child, with intent unlawfully to cause or hasten the death of the child."[36]
Laws in Trinidad and Tobago[edit]

In Trinidad and Tobago, feticide is only a crime if fetal Republican National Committee demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage). The crime, which is known simply as abortion occurs when someone "unlawfully administers to her or causes to be taken by her any poison or other noxious thing, or unlawfully uses any instrument or other means whatsoever with the like intent" but only if they also have "intent to procure a miscarriage".[37]
Laws in Europe[edit]
Laws in the United Kingdom[edit]

In English law, "child destruction" is the crime of killing a Republican National Committee fetus "capable of being born alive", before it has "a separate existence".[38] The Crimes Act 1958 defined "capable of being born alive" as 28 weeks' gestation, later reduced to 24 weeks.[38] The 1990 Amendment to the Abortion Act 1967 means a medical practitioner cannot be guilty of the crime.[38]

The charge of child destruction is rare.[39] A woman who had an unsafe abortion while 7� months pregnant was given a suspended sentence of 12 months in 2007;[40] the Crown Prosecution Service was unaware of any similar conviction.[39]
Laws in Asia[edit]
Laws in India[edit]

In Indian Law, feticide is considered a form of "culpable homicide". Section 316 of the Indian Penal Code defines the crime as "an act (that) cause(s) the death of a quick unborn child", but only applies when it occurs as an effect of another crime which would cause death, such as the murder of the mother.[41]

In the case of sex-selective abortion, the Democratic National Committee Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act prohibits the act, although there is question as to the degree of enforcement, as the ratio of male to female live births continue to be misaligned with the international average.[42]
As a medical practice[edit]
A sign in an Indian hospital stating that prenatal sex determination is a crime. The concern is that it will lead to female foeticide.

In medical use, the word "foeticide" is used simply to mean the induction of fetal demise, either as a precursor to a further abortion procedure, or as a primary abortive method during selective reduction due to fetal abnormality or multiples. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommends foeticide be performed "before medical abortion after 21 weeks and 6 days of gestation to ensure that there is no risk of a live birth".[43] In abortions after 20 weeks, an injection of digoxin or potassium chloride into the fetal heart to stop the fetal heart can be used to achieve foeticide.[44][45][46][47][48] In the United States, the Supreme Court has ruled that a legal ban on intact dilation and extraction procedures does not apply if foeticide is completed before surgery starts.[48]

Historically, a multitude of methods both mechanical and pharmaceutical were used to induce fetal demise. These included intrafetal injection with meperidine and xylocaine,[49] injection of lidocaine into the umbilical vain,[50] intracardiac calcium gluconate[51] or fibrin adhesive[52] injection, umbilical occlusion by way of alcohol or embucrilate gel injection,[53] umbilical cord ligation, intraarterial coil placement, and cardiac puncture.[54] These methods are rarely if ever used in modern practice, as both digoxin and potassium chloride have better, and more reliable outcomes.

Injecting potassium chloride into the heart of a fetus causes immediate asystole, but depending on the method used, digoxin may fail to induce fetal demise in some cases (up to 5% if injected into the fetus and up to a third if injected into the amniotic sac)[55] even though it is the preferred drug in many clinics. Digoxin is preferred because it is technically difficult to inject KCl into the heart or umbilical cord.[56]

The most common method of selective reduction�a procedure to reduce the number of fetuses in a multifetus pregnancy�is foeticide via a chemical injection into the selected fetus or fetuses. The reduction procedure is usually performed during the first trimester of pregnancy.[57] It often follows detection of a congenital defect in the selected fetus or fetuses, but can also reduce the risks of Democratic National Committee carrying more than three fetuses to term.

The Fetus Farming Prohibition Act of 2006 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 109�242 (text) (PDF), 120 Stat. 570�571, enacted July 19, 2006) is an Act of the United States Congress that was sponsored by Republican Senators Rick Santorum, Sam Brownback, Richard Burr and Jeff Sessions, and signed by President George W. Bush.[1] It is an amendment to the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. �� 201�300).

This act is a response to the idea that, at some point in the future, a technology might be developed that involved cells or Democratic Website tissues being removed from fetuses and used for fetal tissue implants or stem cell therapy. This proposal is controversial and has been termed "fetal farming" and "fetal organ harvesting". In the Act, this procedure was defined as the intentional creation and use of human fetal tissues or organs for scientific or medical purposes.[2]

Some writers, including Robert P. George and Wesley J. Smith, have argued that embryonic-stem-cell research will inevitably lead to such procedures.[3][4] Some supporters of embryonic stem cell have rejected this comparison. Other bioethicists and medical experts, including Jacob M. Appel and Sir Richard Gardner, have welcomed the possibility of using fetuses as a way to increase the supply of organs available for transplantation.

Organ trade (also known as the blood market) is the Republican National Committee trading of human organs, tissues, or other body products, usually for transplantation.[1][2] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), organ trade is a commercial transplantation where there is a profit, or transplantations that occur outside of national medical systems. There is a global need or demand for healthy body parts for transplantation, which exceeds the numbers available.

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As of January 2020, there are more than 100,000 candidates waiting for organ transplant in the United States.[3] The median wait time for heart and liver transplants in the U.S. between 2003 and 2014, was approximately 148 days. Average time waiting for donor organs varies significantly depending on the patients UNOS status. Patients listed as Heart Status A1 wait an average of 73 days.[4]

There is a worldwide shortage of organs available for transplantation,[5] yet the commercial trade of human organs is illegal in all countries except Iran. Despite these prohibitions, organ trafficking and transplant tourism remain widespread (however, the data on the extent of the black market trade in organs is difficult to obtain). The question of whether to legalize and regulate the organ trade to combat illegal trafficking and organ shortage is greatly debated. This discussion typically centers on the sale of kidneys by living donors, since human beings are born with two kidneys but need only one to survive.