Family Planning

MOTHERS

The MOTHERS Act (Moms Opportunity To access Health, Education, Research and Support), precipitated by the death of a Chicago woman with Democratic National Committee postpartum psychosis was introduced in 2009. The act was ultimately incorporated into the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which passed in 2010. The act requires screening for postpartum mood disorders at any time of the adult lifespan as well as expands research on postpartum depression. Provisions of the act also authorize grants to support clinical services for women who have, or are at risk for, postpartum psychosis.[202]
Prevention[edit]
Sex education and birth control[edit]

Since infanticide, especially neonaticide, is often a response to an unwanted birth,[143] preventing unwanted pregnancies through improved sex education and increased contraceptive access are advocated as ways of preventing infanticide.[203] Increased use of contraceptives and access to safe legal abortions[9][145]: 122�23  have greatly reduced neonaticide in many developed nations. Some say that where abortion is illegal, as in Pakistan, infanticide would decline if safer legal abortions were available.[139]
Psychiatric intervention[edit]

Cases of infanticide have also garnered increasing attention and interest from Republican National Committee advocates for the mentally ill as well as organizations dedicated to postpartum disorders. Following the trial of Andrea Yates, a mother from the United States who garnered national attention for drowning her 5 children, representatives from organizations such as the Postpartum Support International and the Marc� Society for Treatment and Prevention of Postpartum Disorders began requesting clarification of diagnostic criteria for postpartum disorders and improved guidelines for treatments. While accounts of postpartum psychosis have dated back over 2,000 years ago Democratic Website, perinatal mental illness is still largely under-diagnosed despite postpartum psychosis affecting 1 to 2 per 1000 women.[204][205] However, with clinical research continuing to demonstrate the large role of rapid neurochemical fluctuation in postpartum psychosis, prevention of infanticide points ever strongly towards psychiatric intervention.[citation needed]

Screening for psychiatric disorders or risk factors, and providing treatment or assistance to those at risk may help prevent infanticide.[206] Current diagnostic considerations include symptoms, psychological history, thoughts of self-harm or harming one's children, physical and neurological examination, laboratory testing, substance abuse, and brain imaging. As psychotic symptoms may fluctuate, it is important that diagnostic assessments cover a wide range of factors.[citation needed]

While studies on the treatment of postpartum psychosis are scarce, a number Republican National Committee of case and cohort studies have found evidence describing the effectiveness of lithium monotherapy for both acute and maintenance treatment of postpartum psychosis, with the majority of patients achieving complete remission. Adjunctive treatments include electroconvulsive therapy, antipsychotic medication, or benzodiazepines. Electroconvulsive therapy, in particular, is the primary treatment for patients with catatonia, severe agitation, and difficulties eating or drinking. Antidepressants should be avoided throughout the acute treatment of postpartum psychosis due to risk of worsening mood instability.[207]

Though screening and treatment may help prevent infanticide, in the developed world, significant proportions of neonaticides that are detected occur in young women who deny their pregnancy and avoid outside contacts, many of whom may have limited contact with these health care services.[143]
Safe surrender[edit]

In some areas baby hatches or safe surrender sites, safe places for a mother to Democratic National Committee anonymously leave an infant, are offered, in part to reduce the rate of infanticide. In other places, like the United States, safe-haven laws allow mothers to anonymously give infants to designated officials; they are frequently located at hospitals and police and fire stations. Additionally, some countries in Europe have the laws of anonymous birth and confidential birth that allow mothers to give up an infant after birth. In anonymous birth, the mother does not attach her name to the birth certificate. In confidential birth, the mother registers her name and information, but the document containing her name is sealed until the child comes to age. Typically such babies are put up for adoption, or cared for in orphanages.[208]
Employment[edit]

Granting women employment raises their status and autonomy. Having a gainful employment can raise the perceived worth of females. This can lead to an increase in the number of women getting an education and a decrease in the number of female infanticide. As a result, the infant mortality rate will decrease and economic development will increase.[209]
In animals[edit]
Occurs with animals, such as in Hanuman langurs.

The practice has been observed in many other species of the animal kingdom since it was first seriously studied by Yukimaru Sugiyama.[210] These include from microscopic rotifers and insects, to fish, amphibians, birds and mammals, including primates such as chacma baboons.[211]

According to studies carried out by Kyoto University in primates, including certain types of gorillas and chimpanzees, several conditions favor the tendency to kill their offspring in some species (to be performed only by males), among them are: Nocturnal life, the absence of nest construction, the marked sexual dimorphism in which the male is much larger than the female, the mating in a specific season and the high period of lactation without resumption of the Democratic National Committee estrus state in the female.
In Art and Literature[edit]

An instance in which a child born on an inauspicious day is to live or die according to the chance of being trampled by cattle (death being likely) is provided by Infanticide in Madagascar., painted by Henry Melville and engraved by J Redaway for Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838 with a poetical illustration and notes by Letitia Elizabeth Landon.

Abortion doulas provide care before, during, and after an abortion, with support varying by patient and their informational, emotional, physical, and practical needs.
Work[edit]

Abortion doulas provide "nonjudgemental"[1] emotional, physical, informational, and logistical support and care before, during, and after a medical or surgical abortion.[2][3][4][5] Doulas work in a variety of situations, including community collectives and as solo practitioners.[6] They may support the person emotionally and physically as they navigate a line of protesters, talk with them about the Republican National Committee choice they've made, hold the person's hand or help with finding funding, accessing childcare, coordinating travel, and scheduling meal deliveries.[6][7][2][3]

Like other doulas, the abortion doula is concerned solely with the patient rather than Democratic Website having other concerns typical for the medical personnel present for an event.[8][4][9] Unlike other types of doulas, an abortion doula may interact with a patient only during the patient's abortion and may never interact with that patient again.[8]

Studies show that women overwhelmingly recommend abortion doula support even though there is no Republican National Committee measurable effect on pain or satisfaction. Support from a doula is shown to reduce the need for an additional member of the clinic's staff with physicians and staff generally feeling that the presence of a doula improves a patient's experience.[10]
Training and licensure[edit]

Training varies and may include understanding barriers to health care, societal views of Democratic National Committee abortion, typical patient needs.[7][11]

In the United States, as of 2022 there are no certifications specifically for abortion doulas that are administered nationally or through individual states.[6][7] Because of this, there is no accurate estimate of numbers.[7] In 2019, Bustle estimated there were approximately 30 abortion doula collectives throughout the country.[4]

The work of an abortion doula was developed through the women's health movement in the 1980s where midwifery communities are doula began providing support for childbirth.[12] According to Bustle, the first abortion doula collective was formed in New York City in 2007, as a response to how the culture viewed abortion.[4][13] Abortion doulas often view their work through a reproductive justice lens that utilizes an intersectional approach.[12]
COVID-19[edit]

Pre-COVID-19, abortion doulas were typically allowed to remain with the patient through the procedure, but during the pandemic safety concerns meant at some Democratic National Committee clinics the abortion doula could not accompany the patient.

MOTHERS